To start, we read the initially provided paper by Bradley and Lang (1994) and searched on Google with the quick and dirty method to generate a first impression of the topic. Various terms and combinations such as „Measuring Emotion + HCI” or „ SAM + HCI“ etc. were used in searches. Afterwards, research continued on Google Scholar, the ACM Digital Library, the university’s digital library “Regensburger Katalog” and Researchgate. In addition, further relevant literature was found in the specified sources in the papers.

Originally the self-assessment manikin questionnaire (SAM) was introduced by Bradley & Lang (1994). The questionnaire measures the emotions pleasure, arousal and dominance through pictograms and has been used widely in the field of psychology and barely in the context of Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Maia & Furtado (2019) for example collected emotional data of participants using SAM and the User Engagement Scale (UES) and sensory data during tasks playing a challenging mobile game, making a power point presentation or experiencing a roller coaster in virtual reality. The results show correlations between various sensory readouts and UES answers, but there were no correlations between reported SAM emotions and errors the participants made. A problem could be, that the SAM questionnaire was answered only at the end of the experience, which may not correspond to user’s emotion during the experience. Hayashi et al. (2016) redesigned the SAM questionnaire and replaced the pictograms with a corresponding emoji, which resulted in a better understanding of the scale in children. Another study uses a more modern design for a user interface to develop a self-reporting tool based on SAM, that assesses pleasure and arousal in two sliders on a continuous scale. They compared SAM and their tool and showed strong correlation between ratings and showed that the slider tool can replace SAM in the self-reporting of pleasure and arousal (Betella, Verschure, 2016). An advantage of the SAM is, that it works just through pictures that everybody can understand. This makes the questionnaire easy to understand and accessible for children and people in general who cannot read a specific language. Also, there is a lack of research in HCI and children. Computer products for children, for example software for school, are generally developed by adults. Especially children need a simple and easy tool to express their emotions (Yusoff, Ruthven & Landoni, 2013).

Betella, A., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2016). The Affective Slider: A Digital Self-Assessment Scale for the Measurement of Human Emotions. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148037. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148037

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59.

Hayashi, E. C. S., Posada, J. E. G., Maike, V. R. M. L., & Baranauskas, M. C. C. (2016). Exploring new formats of the Self-Assessment Manikin in the design with children. Proceedings of the 15th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computer Systems - IHC ’16, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3033701.3033728

Maia, C. L. B., & Furtado, E. S. (2019). An Approach to Analyze User’s Emotion in HCI Experiments Using Psychophysiological Measures. IEEE Access, 7, 36471–36480. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2904977

Yusoff, Y. M., Ruthven, I., & Landoni, M. (2013). MEASURING EMOTION: A NEW EVALUATION TOOL FOR VERY YOUNG CHILDREN. 6.